Putting together an inviting space requires an understanding of basic design principles. These principles serve as guidelines that can be applied to any room or design style. Many designers use the ancient design rule, the Golden Ratio, while planning a space. The ratio is based on a design pattern that appears throughout the natural world.
A simplified way to use the Golden Ratio in design is to leave 40 percent of any room negative space. This ensures that the space feels furnished and comfortable but not overwhelming. However, designers may purposely distort this ratio to elicit a different feeling. For example, placing a huge painting on a small wall can be a focal point and add an artistic flair to a space.
Designers can also work with the existing elements in a room or start from a neutral base. Materials that add color or texture to a room, such as an exposed brick wall or wood beams, can be painted over white or grey paint. Either way, the existing colors, shapes, and features of a room can serve as a springboard for the rest of the design plan.
Balance is one of the most important concepts in interior design. Designers should place furniture, art pieces, and other decorative elements evenly in the room. For example, some designers may divide a room in half using a focal piece, such as a mirror or fireplace, and add identical or complementary pieces on both sides. Another way to introduce balance is to offset decor made from heavy materials with lighter objects. Symmetrically balanced rooms feel clean and stable, while asymmetrical design results in an energetic and creative atmosphere.
Proportion and scale are also key to making a room appear finished. Scale refers to the room's measurements, including ceiling height, window size, or doorway width. Designers must consider the scale of the room when adding furniture and other decorative pieces. For example, tall floor lamps can emphasize a room’s vertical space. Proportion considers how each design choice relates to the space. If a very large space is furnished too sparsely, it can create a cavernous and uncomfortable feeling. Likewise, a small room filled with oversized furniture will feel crowded and cramped.
Color and texture also play important roles in the look and feel of a space. Repeating either element is an effective way to add cohesion to a room. Designers may select an accent color from a painting or rug and repeat this color in other parts of the room. Repeating patterns can also be created by selecting furniture pieces from the same design era that share similar shapes.
Spaces should also function properly. Designers can incorporate style and usefulness by adding accessories that provide storage or hideaway unpleasant elements. Design choices should never detract from the intended use of space. Flooring, backsplashes, and cabinetry should be durable and long-lasting. Selecting visually interesting but poor-quality materials for these spaces will cause early wear and tear.
If all of the above design elements are applied to a space, the room will be harmonious. This means that the feelings evoked by the space are aligned with its use. Harmony also indicates that all the objects in the room are proportional, and the design choices complement one another.
